Discovery of the Mural Paintings of Bonampak

Antisemitism in the Middle Ages - 1616 Words

In the year of 1492, most people instantly think of the Columbus’ discovery of the New World. But in the joy of the discovery of the New World also comes the tragedy of the Old World. The Spanish Inquisition was one of the darkest periods of time in Jewish history. Christianity’s view of other religions as inferior is portrayed in many well-known pieces of literature, including one of William Shakespeare’s most famous plays, The Merchant of Venice. Towering over Shakespeare’s romantic comedy The Merchant of Venice is the tragic figure of Shylock, a man who represents the treatment of the Jewish people in his time period. Before beginning to understand Shylock, it is vital to understand the historical and dramatic influences under†¦show more content†¦A decision was eventually made and the Venetian Republic decided to allow them to remain and ordered the segregation of the Jews of the city in a special quarter, formerly known as Ghetto Nuova, a small, dirty island which became the world’s first ghetto. â€Å"A little later, the Ghetto Vecchio, was added to the district. Hence the term Ghetto spread throughout Italy, where the Jewish quarters, compulsorily established in subsequent years, became known officially by this name,† (Roth. 273.) Jews of Italian and German origin both moved into this ghetto. The Germans came to Venice to seek refuge from of persecution in their former communities, while the Italians came from Rome and from the South, where they faced anti-Semitism. Jews from the Levant, who practiced Sephardic traditions, moved into Ghetto Vecchio in 1541. The Spanish and Portuguese Jews also came to Venice in the late 16th century and were the strongest and wealthiest community in the ghetto. Many of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews were Marranos and became â€Å"Jewish† again once moving to Venice. The Spanish/Portuguese and Levantines lived in the Ghetto Vecchio. The German, Italian and Levantine communities were independent, yet lived side by side to one another. A hierarchy existed among them, in which the Sephardic/Levantine Jews were at the top of the scale, Germans in the middle and Italians at the lowest rung on the hierarchal ladder. Eventually more restrictions wereShow MoreRelatedAnti-Semitism and Lack of Concern Among Non-jews During the Holocaust997 Words   |  4 Pages Thesis Statement: Antisemitism is to blame for the lack of concern among non-Jews during the up rise of the Holocaust. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is hard to grasp the number of lives lost during the Holocaust. How someone could have so much hatred towards one group of people. Or how so many people could set back and watch something like this take place without protest. To begin to understand how a tragedy like the Holocaust could have took place without intervention we need to understandRead MoreAntisemitism Before the Nineteeth Century766 Words   |  3 Pages Before the nineteenth century antisemitism was largely religious, based on the belief that the Jews were responsible for Jesus crucifixion. It was expressed later in the Middle Ages by persecutions and expulsions, economic and personal restrictions. After Jewish emancipation during the enlightenment, religious antisemitism was slowly replaced in the nineteenth century by racial prejudice, stemming from the idea of Jews as a distinct race. In Germany theories of Aryan racial superiority and chargesRead MoreGeorge orwell3885 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿George Orwell Antisemitism in Britain There are about 400,000 known Jews in Britain, and in addition some thousands or, at most, scores of thousands of Jewish refugees who have entered the country from 1934 onwards. The Jewish population is almost entirely concentrated in half a dozen big towns and is mostly employed in the food, clothing and furniture trades. A few of the big monopolies, such as the ICI, one or two leading newspapers and at least one big chain of department stores are Jewish-ownedRead MoreThe Jewish Self Identity Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pagespeople have formed a self-identity that is unlike any other cultural group in this world. There are three components that make up the Jewish self-identity: antisemitism and its effects, the image of the self-hating Jew, often a result of antisemitism, and the events and repercussions of the Holocaust. Some scholars would argue that antisemitism is a result of the New Testament’s portrayal of the Jewish people as the reason for Christ’s crucifixion. In fact, in the Gospel of Acts, the Bible blatantlyRead MoreThe Victimization of The Jewish Culture Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesseparatists, border vigilantes, and others.† In fact, the U.S. Department of Justice-Uniform Crime Report accounts that Jewish people are affected more by hate crimes than any other religion. According to the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, â€Å"Antisemitism is the prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews†¦ can manifest itself in a number of forms, including discrimination against individuals, the dissemination of hate literature about Jewish people, arson directed against Jewish cultural orRead MoreThe Fire Next Time By James Baldwin1394 Words   |  6 Pagesanti-Semitism was normal. Throughout the book Baldwin mentions the Holocaust and in particular on page 52 he writes â€Å"For the crime of their ancestry, millions of people in the middle of the twentieth century, and in the heart of Europe - God’s citadel – were sent to death so calculated, so hideous, and so prolonged that no age before this enlightened one had been able to imagine it.† In Germany, The Jews were persecuted for their religion. In America on the other hand, people were taught that theRead MoreAnna Akhmatova And I Know Of No Better World, By Ingeborg Bachmann865 Words   |  4 PagesWar and the concept of war has impacted the world and has highly impacted literary works. Two works that have been written in the times of war and are primarily about war are, â€Å"Why Is This Age Worse†¦?† by Anna Akhmatova and â€Å"I Know of No Better World,† by Ingeborg Bachmann. Akhmatova wrote her poem post World War One while Ingeborg Bachmann’s poem is assumed to be written sometime after World War Two. 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As antisemitism grew stronger, it triggered a feeling of community among the Poles who for many years had very little connection with Judaism. Year earlier, Jews were blamed for lack of assimilation. However, when the assimilation process did start and the JewishRead MoreThe Impact Of Nazi Policy On The Young People1242 Words    |  5 Pageschildren were expelled from public schools by the Reich Ministry of Education. Books and writings that were considered unfit for education resulted in being burnt and replaced by new ones to promote Nazism, Aryan supremacy, eugenics, militarism, antisemitism and devotion to Adolf Hitler. The curriculum and syllabus was remodeled to encourage Nazi beliefs and subjects such as German, History, Geography, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics were catered to focus on national pride, militarism and racial

Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals Free Essays

Summary of â€Å"Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals† The ultimate destruction of TB depends on the identification and treatment of all TB cases. Driving social factors such as poverty, immunosuppression, smoking, diabetes and poor health services make eradicating the current TB pandemic crucial in trying to control the epidemic. Current research has been focusing on early detection, treatment, and vaccination. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now The STOP TB Partnership was formed in May of 2000 by the World Health Assembly in efforts to reduce the number of people being infected by TB. However, â€Å"In 2006, the TB pandemic continued to kill 2 million people annually and was growing by 1% each year, despite the World Health Organization also known as WHO having declared it a ‘Global Emergency’ over a decade earlier. † The United Nations has even stated that the goal is to cut the number of TB deaths in half by the year 2015. This is a goal not so easily achieved considering the fact that an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with tuberculosis worldwide. (Kupferschmidt 1) Tuberculosis is caused from a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. uberculosis is an obligate aerobe that grows in tissues with a high oxygenated content, such as the lungs. It is a slow growing bacteria that takes anywhere from 12 to 20 hours to generate. The cells are hydrophobic and have high lipid content in the cell wall and tend to clump together. TB is an airborne disease that is spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. Tu berculosis is diagnosed by a simple skin test that if positive will show a reaction to a small quantity of tuberculosis antigens. A positive confirmation can be made by a chest X-ray, and a microscopic examination of a sputum sample. A new significant development in TB diagnosis has been found in Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The Xpert MTB/RIF is made to detect DNA sequences specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by polymerase chain reactions. The MTB/RIF test purifies concentrates and identifies targeted nucleic acid sequences in M. tuberculosis genomes which can take about 90 minutes to complete. MTB/RIF assay has met some of the minimum requirements of the governing groups, such as being easily administered by a low skilled technicians and operating in different temperatures with minimal requirement from the test operator. There has also been price reduction availability for countries with the pandemic. (Zumla 819) While MTB/RIF assay seemed to be the miracle answer for TB testing, it still falls short of the requirements set forth by the STOP TB Partnership. For example, the shelf life is half the expected 2 years, high cost of the machine and cartridges to run it and constant electricity make it difficult for key areas. Safe recycling of large amounts of cartridges also remains an environmental concern being that sputum and positive buffers are present in the used cartridges. (Zumla 822) There are 11 new TB drugs on the horizon. Hopefully, by 2015 at least 2 of them will be released for public consumption. The current drug-susceptible TB treatment is the medication called Isoniazid or INH. INH is available worldwide, is relatively inexpensive and is generally well tolerated. INH is used to for latent tuberculosis infection to help kill the dormant bacteria and to reduce the risk of the infection becoming active tuberculosis later in life. This medication is taken for 6-9 months; where as the new drugs that are still in clinical trials would shorten this to 4 months. However, these unfortunately are not available yet. What are really needed to eradicate this disease are TB vaccines. The present TB Vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG, is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis which was introduced in 1922. It is used primarily in children in countries outside the US. Not all administered BCG vaccines have been effective either, only helping with severe childhood versions of TB (ex: disseminated and meningeal). As of 2011, at least 6 TB vaccine candidates were in preclinical trials, with 21 additional next generation candidates in the vaccine discovery phase. A more effective tool for the United States would be a post infection vaccine, due to the vast majority of cases being remote infections. This would nearly eradicate TB in the US. But, one has currently not been created. (Zumla 823) TB has plagued the human race for decades, only improving when social, economical, and general living conditions were bettered. Recent research continues to look for vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. However, no new trial based vaccine has been introduced since BCG in the 1950’s. The STOP TB Partnership’s goal of lessening the yearly cases of infection by one million is admirable, but so much more needs to be done to control the spread of infection. More people need to be tested and become aware of what a huge problem it currently still is. People know about the disease but many people are not educated about the disease and what the symptoms are until it is too late and have probably already spread it to other people. Despite the years of effort that has been dedicated to TB research, the end still seems to be decades away. Works Cited Alimuddin Zumla, et al. Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals: Perspectives On Development Of New Diagnostics, Drugs And Vaccines For Tuberculosis. † Tropical Medicine International Health 16. 7 (2011): 819-827. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Alimuddin Zumla, et al. â€Å"Immunological Biomarkers Of Tuberculosis. † Nature Reviews. Immunology 11. 5 (2011): 343-354. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 24 S ept. 2012. Kupferschmidt, Kai. â€Å"Taking A New Shot At A TB Vaccine. † Science 334. 6062 (2011): 1488. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Tuberculosis† Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, 13 Mar. 2012 Web How to cite Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals, Essay examples

Final Report †Hardware Project Essay Sample free essay sample

1. 1 Introduction In the modern societies people are like to do their lives easier. Because their work burden is grow-up. Harmonizing to that state of affairs the society has largely moved to automated systems. There for we besides thought to do an AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM as a assisting system for supermarkets. In this chapter it gives basic cognition and background factors about the undertaking. In this subdivision we kept our attending on the subjects such as background and motive. purposes and aims and importance of the undertaking. From this chapter it can acquire an over position of the undertaking and will stress the reasonability of our undertaking. 1. 2 Background and motive As we mention before today people are really busy with their working. Therefore they don’t have clip to make their daily plants. Such as buy goods from markets. shopping and consulting physicians. Peoples try to salvage clip from those activities. Not merely that we can happen so many issues of this system. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Report – Hardware Project Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such as in the particular season periods it has long waiting lines in the super markets. Not merely has that but besides when the measure is calculated manually. it will instance for many mistakes. That will be a large job for both client and the company. Because it waste the clip of both sides. Besides some tellers don’t have proper cognition about the systems. such as recognition card systems. It has many issues non merely in the client side but besides in the company side excessively. Those are. when the stocks of market is over and the proprietor don’t know about that. To cognize about that he must maintain retainers manually. to look into whether the stocks are commanding correct or non. For that the proprietor should hold many workers with him. Besides there aren’t a better system to keep clients kick and jobs. It takes long clip to work out those jobs with the bing system. Not merely that when there are long waiting lines in the market the proprietor have to keep it. otherwise people put fault on him. When it happen a job in that premises both parties have to blow their clip to work out those jobs. Particularly the proprietor has to work out the jobs in just mode by maintaining his good will. Like that we can happen a batch of jobs and defects with the bing system of ace markets. By mentioning those jobs we thought to do a system named AUTOMATED SUPERMAR KET SYSTEM as a solution for these jobs. 1. 3 Aim and aims Purpose:The purpose of our undertaking was develop an effectual system by giving solutions the above jobs and defects. It’s AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM. Aims:* Studying engineerings harmonizing to our demands.* Testing the efficiency and cost effectivity.* Designing and implementing the system.* Programing the system.* Design the desktop applications.* Develop the charge system.* Develop the stock commanding system.* Connecting the package portion with hardware portion.* Evaluation the proposed solutions. 1. 4 Our solution ( Automated Supermarket System ) By sing the above jobs we developed our undertaking AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM as a solution for those defects. We supply an easy work for clients from come ining minute to acquire back minute from the super market through our system. After roll uping the wanted goods the client have to travel the scope. which covered by the wireless signals. Then the RFID reads each and every ticket within that scope and cipher the measure. Then after client can pay the measure by his recognition card or nomadic phone. When the measure is paid so it open the door for client to acquire back from the ace market. RFID ReaderRFID ReaderConsecutive Data Communication CircuitConsecutive Data Communication CircuitNot merely to the client we had given solutions for the ace market jobs excessively. When clients buy goods it reduces the stock. To cognize about the decreased goods we develop a system from our undertaking. When the client bargain points and pay the measure. so those points are cut down from the bing stock. Then the stock keeper can come in to the system and can look into about the stock. If the stocks are lower than the standing stock so the stock keeper acquire action to make full those abated points. And the director ( Administrator ) can entree the system and can see the action of ace market. BRAVE HEARTSBRAVE HEARTS RFID TagRFID Tag Figure 1. 1: Simple Structure of the Automated Supermarket System 1. 5 Structure of the Dissertation Here. in our study chapter 1 is allocated for the debut and in chapter 2 it describe about the background information about the undertaking. supplying other attacks to work out the job. Then in chapter 3 it describes the engineering which we used for the undertaking. Chapter 4 describe about attack. In chapter 5 we give the analysis and design that we use to work out the jobs. And Chapter 6 gives a elaborate description about the execution of the undertaking. Chapter 7 gives farther plants and decisions of the undertaking. Chapter 8 provides a Mention of our undertaking. 1. 6 Drumhead This chapter gives a description about the demands which we gather and the solution for those jobs ( the system which we developed ) . And besides background and motive. purpose and aims. job and the proposed solution in the undertaking. The following chapters will depict the information widely about our undertaking. Chapter 2Review of other systems 2. 1 Introduction In the old chapter. we have provided the debut of our undertaking. We have described the background and motive for the undertaking and the importance of the job in the old chapter. After that we have described about the purposes and aims of our proposed solution briefly. In this chapter. we expect to supply the necessary background information of our undertaking. We are traveling to exemplify some other attacks to the jobs that were stated in old chapter. When sing the RFID Billing and Inventory Control Systems in Sri Lanka there are no systems that use RFID engineering although there are systems that offer these maps with barcode engineering. But in abroad we can see that there are some systems to carry through some of the above undertakings but they are really expensive and non low-cost in the Sri Lankan market. 2. 2 Search consequences on similar systems Before set abouting our undertaking we reviewed several undertakings handled in abroad. There have been few old plants which exhibited certain characteristics of the RFID Billing and Inventory Control System. Most of these systems had limited functionalities when compared to our system as they were focused on either Billing and Gross saless or Inventory Control maps. Most of them were marketed towards the big graduated table makers and Sellerss who move big sum of merchandises in their concerns. 2. 3 Problems of other systems Most of the systems focus on either Gross saless or Inventory sector. there are no available systems which gives equal importance both Gross saless and Inventory. There is besides a noticeable deficiency of RFID technological expertness in Sri Lankan market. This has in bend lead to a scarceness of RFID based Gross saless and Inventory Solutions locally. Most of these systems are designed and manufactured aiming big graduated table concerns. Therefore they are hard to be implemented by little to medium scale concerns. There are some RFID Systems that can offer all the maps we offer. But the instance is that these machines are really expensive. Some machines about cost more than 300. 000 LKR ( $ 3000 ) . Most little to medium scale concerns in our state can non pass that sum of money for such a machine. Although some big scale retail ironss in private sector can pass big sum of money but it is useless to pass a big sum of money for a machine when same system utilizing barcode engineering is available really much cheaper and with merely several drawbacks. We develop our system in low budget so that we can supply the machine to local concerns at low cost. Not merely that but besides we can publish this system to freelance enterprisers who run little graduated table supply and distribution services. The maps offered in our system will assist these enterprisers to centralise all of their Gross saless and Inventory operations and salvage batch of clip and resources. 2. 4 DrumheadI. There is no Billing and Inventory Control System that incorporates RFID engineering in Sri Lanka. two. Though other states have similar systems. those systems don’t have all the maps offered by our system. three. These systems are really expensive and non low-cost to most little to medium scale concerns in Sri Lanka. four. There is a deficiency of expertness in RFID engineeringin Sri Lanka. Chapter 3Technology Adapted 3. 1 Introduction This chapter chiefly conveys the thought about the engineerings used to implement our undertaking. Sing the fact that the undertaking and the concluding consequence should be a cost effectual and simple one. we decided to utilize simple but powerful engineerings such as RFID engineering. consecutive communicating. electromagnetic engineering. C # and Microsoft SQL waiter 2012. In this chapter it will be discussed about why those engineerings are appropriate to work out this job. These engineerings were used in the procedure of developing the solution and there were separate engineerings to be used for the hardware subdivision every bit good as the Software subdivision. 3. 2 The Technologies We Used3. 2. 1 Technology used for the Hardware Section3. 2. 1. 1 Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) TechnologyHaving the chief purpose of presenting a usage of RFID engineering. RFID reader and tickets were used to implement our undertaking. RFID is a usage of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic Fieldss to reassign informations from a ticket attached to an object. for the intent of automatic designation and trailing. Unlike a saloon codification the ticket does non necessitate to be within line of sight of the reader and may be embedded in the tracked object. Because of enabling designation from a distance. RFID engineering was used to develop our undertaking of machine-controlled ace market system. When sing the chief procedure. the readers send a signal to the ticket and read it response. The readers transmit their observations to a computing machine system running the RFID package or RFID middleware. RFID systems typically come under three constellations. * Passive Reader Active Tag ( PRAT ) * Active Reader Passive Tag ( ARPT )* Active Reader Active Tag ( ARAT ) In our undertaking. Active Reader Passive Tag system was used among these three constellations because inactive tickets are easier to utilize. because they don’t need power to run. It is easy to attach to goods in the ace market. In other manus. Active reader was used to have wireless signals from inactive tickets during the procedure. RFID tickets can be either active. passive or battery assisted inactive. Passive tickets used in our undertaking. are cheaper and smaller because it has no battery. Alternatively. the ticket uses wireless energy transmitted by the reader as its energy beginning. In this scenario. the inquisitor must be closed for RF field to be strong plenty to reassign sufficient power to the ticket. Since the tickets have single consecutive Numberss. the RFID system design can know apart several tickets that might be within the scope of the RFID reader and read them at the same time. This is the chief point developed in our undertaking. The tags’ information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID ticket includes a little RF sender and receiving system and RFID reader transmits an encoded wireless signal to interrogate the ticket. The ticket receives the message and responds with its designation information. This may be merely a alone ticket consecutive figure. or may be product-related information such as a stock figure. batch or batch figure. production day of the month. or other specific information as used in our undertaking. RFID tags contain at least two parts ; an integrated circuit and an aerial. The bit attached to the circuit contains a radio- frequence electromagnetic field spiral that modulates an external magnetic field to reassign a coded designation figure when queried by a reader device. This little type is incorporated in consumer merchandise for designation procedure. 3. 2. 1. 2 Electromagnetic Technology As mentioned before. inactive tickets do non incorporate a battery ; the power is supplied by the reader. When wireless moving ridges from the reader are encountered by a inactive RFID ticket. the coiled aerial within the ticket forms a magnetic field. The ticket draws power from it. stimulating the circuits in the ticket. The ticket so sends the information encoded in the tag’s memory. 3. 2. 1. 3 Consecutive Data Communication The undermentioned circuit diagram shows the consecutive communicating as figure 3. 1. The MAX232 is used to set 5V to 12V. Five capacitances are usually required for the MAX232. The MAX232 degree convertor provides bidirectional electromotive force switching for digital communicating between the RFID reader and Personal computer ( RFID reader works for 5V and PC works for 12V ) . Finally. the female DB-9 connection allows the circuit to link to the PC’s consecutive port. Figure 3. 1: Consecutive communicating circuit diagram 3. 2. 2 Technology used for the Software Section 3. 2. 2. 1 C # In our undertaking. C # is used as the chief scheduling linguistic communication of the package which allows the relevant values to be shown in the computing machine application and stored in the database. Here. Ocular Studio 2010 is used to develop the desktop application. The chief plan of this system has to pass on with different hardware and package faculties so that chief application is really much of import. Therefore the chief application is developed utilizing Visual C # it’s a great advantage that it supports these sorts of Hardware-Software Interfacing. It makes the occupation rather easier and simple. 3. 2. 2. 2 SQL When developing the database. Microsoft SQL waiter 2012 is used in our undertaking of ace market automated system. We used MS SQL to make the database because it is easy to work with C # . And this database is made in to be compatible with the chief application for informations composing and retrieval. 3. 3 Drumhead In this chapter it is discussed about engineerings which are used to work out the job. RFID engineering. consecutive communicating. electromagnetic engineering. C # and Microsoft SQL waiter 2012 were used to develop this undertaking as mentioned before. These engineerings adopted made the device more effectual on what we aim to bring forth and it made the long tally ability of the device a world as it uses contactless feeling methods to acquire inputs. This is a major advantage in utilizing the above engineerings in our device. Chapter 4Our Approach of the undertaking4. 1 IntroductionOur aim of the undertaking was to develop a SUPERMARKET AUTOMATION SYSTEM which has more characteristics and installations upward of the bing systems. In the old subdivisions we described the jobs and the solutions. which we decided to give as solutions. This subdivision will depict how the system works that means about the design and execution phases of the undertaking. It describes the manner we developed our undertaking in the existent universe environment. 4. 2 How the system should workWe developed our system as a solution for the manual informations entry system of supermarkets. In here our chief map was to avoid the defects of supermarket – manual informations entry system and stock control system. We made this merchandise with pattern for the user. Because we produce it for the easy work of both clients and manufacturers. They haven’t any heavy work with our system. After roll uping the goods from the market the client should maintain his cart with-in the country which we introduce as the measure ciphering country. When client pushed his cart to that country the RFID reads all the ticket of the goods and car calculate the measure. Then client has to pay the measure from his recognition card of nomadic phone. If the dealing ends with successful so it leads to open the door of the supermarket. Besides if the stocks of the racks are less than the pre-defined scope it will give a warning to the stock keepers by directing a massage. And the proprietor of the supermarket can log to the system as decision maker and look into the all minutess and other inside informations. 4. 3 Procedure of the designFirst we analysis the demands and understudied the job. Then we try to plan the procedure which we can do the undertaking successfully. In that design procedure we decided to make the system as three chief phases to finish the work efficaciously. 1. Hardware portion 2. Software portion 4. 3. 1 Hardware There are two chief hardware constituents in our system. First portion is RFID Module. Second is Consecutive Communication Circuit. Due to the deficiency of needed research lab installations to do the RFID circuit. we had to purchase an assembled 1. The Consecutive Communication Circuit is made utilizing a MAX232 and five capacitances of 1uF. The MAX232 degree convertor provides bidirectional electromotive force switching for digital communicating between the RFID and Personal computer as they work on different electromotive force degrees. Finally. the female DB-9 stopper is connected the circuit to link to the PC’s consecutive port. 4. 3. 2 Software SQL Database is one major constituent of our system. It is a aggregation of interlinked tabular arraies for hive awaying informations. It can hive away information on merchandises. employees and providers. The commanding package is written in C # is used to pull strings the informations stored in the database. Its maps include Add. Update and Delete. 4. 4 DrumheadIn this chapter it is discussed about the execution of the system to work out this job. In following chapter it will be discussed about the analyses and design. Chapter 5Analysis and Design 5. 1 Introduction This chapter states how the engineering was implemented in the device. And in this chapter the inside informations of the units of the system suggested by us is described. A complete description of both the Hardware Segment and the Software Segment is included with graphical looks as good. This Chapter will assist to understand the proficient facet of the System developed. 5. 2 Circuit of the RFID Reader In our undertaking. Active Reader Passive Tag system was used among these three constellations. The RFID reader continuously transmits a 125 kilohertz bearer signal utilizing its aerial. The inactive RFID ticket. embedded in an id card for illustration. powers on from the bearer signal. Once powered on. the ticket transmits. back to the reader. an FSK encoded signal incorporating the information stored on the card. The FSK signal is a one hundred twenty-five kilohertz bearer. with 12. 5 kilohertz as the grade frequence. and a 15. 625 kilohertz as the infinite frequence. The encoded signal is picked up by the reader’s aerial. filtered. and processed on the embedded microcontroller to pull out the tag’s alone individuality. At this point the individuality can be matched against the records stored on the reader. Figure 5. 1: Circuit of RFID Reader In this scenario. RFID faculty has to be bought due to non holding adequate research lab installations to tune the above frequences in doing RFID reader. Therefore. we bought RFID faculty to go on our undertaking. 5. 3 Consecutive Communication CircuitWe use the above circuit diagram for the consecutive communicating. We use MAX232 to set 5V to 12V. Five capacitances are usually required for the MAX232. The MAX232 degree convertor provides bidirectional electromotive force switching for digital communicating between the RFID reader and Personal computer ( RFID reader works for 5V and PC works for 12V ) . Finally. the female DB-9 connection allows the circuit to link to the PC’s consecutive port. 5. 4 SoftwareSoftware portion consists of a SQL database and DBMS package written in C # . It can besides compose informations read by the RFID circuit into the database. It supports storing of merchandise. employee and provider information. 5. 5 drumhead In this chapter it is discussed about analyses and the design of system to work out this job. In following chapter it will be discussed about the execution. Chapter 6Execution6. 1 IntroductionIn above chapter we discussed about the analysis and design of our undertaking. Here we are traveling to mentioned and see about how we implement our design. what are the resources we are utilizing for that. what our inputs are. how it works and what the out puts are. 6. 2 ExecutionFigure 6. 1: Working process of RFID System 6. 2. 1 RFID ModuleRFID Module is one of the major constituents in our system. It is the constituent used to read the informations stored in RFID ticket. Due to the jobs stated in Chapter 4. we had to purchase the RFID faculty from a seller alternatively of doing it. It was connected to an external power beginning of 5V and its RS-232 end product was plugged in to the Consecutive Communication Circuit. 6. 2. 2 Consecutive Communication Circuit Consecutive Communication Circuit is the 2nd hardware constituent of our system. It converts the consecutive end product signal of the RFID Module to be compatible with the USB port of the Personal computer. When implementing the Consecutive Communication Circuit. we built the circuit utilizing a MAX232 IC to change over a RS-232 signal to TTL. The circuit is powered by an external 5V power beginning. Input is by RX and TX ports and end product port is a Personal computer DB9 Female. 6. 2. 3 Database Our undertaking has 2 major parts. One portion is hardware and the other portion is package. We have already talked about the hardware execution. Then we talk about the package execution. The database contains all the necessary information about the stock list. employees and providers of the ace market. The database is written in SQL and is implemented utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server 2012. Learning SQL and Database Design in Level 1 Semester 2 truly helped us in planing and coding the database. 6. 2. 4 Controling Software This is one of the most of import constituents of our system as it controls all the maps of our system. The package is written utilizing C # in the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment. All the SQL questions and informations use methods are included in this package. Before we developed the package. we had to larn C # . Learning C linguistic communication in Level 1 Semester 1 helped us well in understanding constructs of C # . 6. 3 Drumhead In this chapter it is discussed about the execution portion of the undertaking. Following chapter it will be discussed about the jobs we faced. Chapter 7Conclusion A ; Further Works 7. 1 Introduction In the completion of our undertaking of Supermarket Automated System. we have faced many challenges and jobs. In this chapter it will be discussed about what were the jobs that we had to confront when implementing the system. utilizing the new engineerings and analysing and planing the undertaking. Having deficiency of cognition about new engineerings. deficiency of adequate lab installations were the chief jobs faced. 7. 2 Problems We Faced 7. 2. 1 Finding a RFID Reader The intent of the undertaking is to present the RFID engineering to the Sri Lankan industry. Therefore the chief measure was to happen a RFID reader to be implemented the undertaking due to non holding a RFID reader in the research labs in the IT Faculty. With the permission of the Electronic and Telecommunication section. it was requested to hold a RFID reader for the execution of the undertaking. But it was unable to be success as expected because of non holding a RFID reader in the Electronic and Telecommunication section. 7. 2. 2 High Monetary values of RFID Modules As mentioned before. Active Reader Passive Tag constellation was used in the system. Due to the demand of a RFID reader for the execution of the undertaking it was suggested to purchase a Reader. When sing the monetary value of these Readers it depends on the type of reader. Active readers are typically purchased as portion of a complete system. with tickets and mapping package to find the tags location. Most UHF readers cost from $ 500 to $ 2. 000. depending on the characteristics in the device. Because of expensiveness of these RFID faculties with their moderate sensing scope. the suggestion to purchase a Reader was rejected among the group members. 7. 2. 3 Lack of adequate installations of the Labs Another suggestion was come up to be built a RFID faculty as a solution to the job faced. The RFID reader continuously transmits a 125 kilohertz bearer signal utilizing its aerial. Besides The FSK signal is a one hundred twenty-five kilohertz bearer. with 12. 5 kilohertz as the grade frequence. and a 15. 625 kilohertz as the infinite frequence. Because of above mentioned high frequences. it was failed to construct the circuit of the faculty. These frequences can’t be tuned under the bing installations in the research labs we have. 7. 2. 4 Lack of Knowledge about the RFID Technology The chief job faced throughout the undertaking is the deficiency of cognition about the RFID Technology. As mentioned before. a RFID reader/writer faculty and its inactive tickets are used for the undertaking. The job is even though the faculty shows that the ticket has been detected. we are unable to read the informations in the ticket. When explicating the job in elaborate that the package provided with it doesn’t place the ticket. First. it was tried to work out this affair by acquiring support of the lab teachers in the IT module and it was non be successful due to the deficiency of cognition of them sing this engineering. Then. the job was presented to Lankatronics Trading ( Pvt ) Ltd. under the counsel of lab teachers in the IT module. They besides were unable to give a solution because they do non usually import RFID reader-writer faculties ( 13-56 MHz ) as required. With the purpose of happening out about the RFID Technology. we connected with Dr. Ranga Rodrigo. Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering. Faculty of Engineering through the undertaking advisor of the group. Even in this scenario. it was besides unable to come up with a solution because he has non worked with RFIDs. and he has merely worked with NFC cards for their FYP which is really much similar to RFID. Finally. we request the support of Mr. P. M. Karunarathna. Head of the section of Interdisciplinary Studies to be connected with some people who are familiar with the RFID Technology. Even in this affair. it was unable to derive a solution and it was decided to go on the undertaking by bettering other parts until obtaining a solution to the job. 7. 2. 5 Lack of cognition in Software Section In our undertaking. C # is used as the chief scheduling linguistic communication of the package which allows the relevant values to be shown in the computing machine application and stored in the database and when developing the database. Microsoft SQL waiter 2012 is used to be easy to work with C # . Therefore. first it had to be familiar with both C # and Microsoft SQL in the procedure of finishing the package portion of the undertaking.

The Effect Of Media Images Essay Research free essay sample

The Effect Of Media Images Essay, Research Paper It was stylish to be fat throughout most of history. Obesity was attractive because it was considered to be a mark of wealth. Those who could obtain plenty nutrient to maintain themselves and their household good fed were people with money. In the past century, nevertheless, nutrient has been abundant in most of the developed states, and tenuity has become stylish. Eating upsets have increased significantly over the past 30 old ages. The two most common feeding upsets include anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a disease in which adult females go really self-aware about their weight and have an intense fright of going fat. They go to such extremes as hungering themselves in order to maintain thin, and some use extra methods such as emesis, taking inordinate sums of laxatives, or exerting abundantly. Bulimia nervosa on the other manus is an eating upset in which the patient eats big sums of nutrient in a short period of clip, besides known as orgy feeding. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect Of Media Images Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another symptom of binge-eating syndrome is fring oneself of nutrient through emesis, utilizing laxatives, or over-exercising, normally known as purge. Womans with anorexia nervosa or binge-eating syndrome frequently experience weariness and decreased energy, concerns, personality alterations, and abdominal hurting. If an feeding upset is left untreated, it can take to serious wellness harm, even decease. These eating upsets are normally brought on because a miss is unsated with her ain organic structure image. Oftentimes she feels out of control, and curtailing her consumption of nutrient is one manner to recover control. The patient has a sense of power over nutrient, and this makes her experience more unafraid about everything else traveling on in her life. Many times, misss with low self-prides are the victims of eating upsets because they frequently seek blessing from their equals. By being dilutant, they believe that they will go more desirable. Surveies have shown that the bu lk of adult females with feeding upsets are striplings. What makes a immature adult female associate tenuity with beauty? Many are now get downing to believe that the media has much to make with how adult females view themselves. Young adult females see thin theoretical accounts and actresses in magazines, advertizements, and telecasting shows. The media have portrayed the successful and beautiful supporters as thin. They have promoted the image of tenuity through popular programming.. Thinness has therefore become associated with ego control and success. The mean American adult female s organic structure weight has increased over the past 30 old ages, yet the theoretical accounts that represent American adult females have become increasin gly dilutant. The media s portraiture of happy, successful adult females being highly thin makes a immense impact on adult females s perceptual experience of beauty. When misss begin to compare themselves to the celebrated and thin adult females they see on telecasting, or in magazines, they equate thinness with beauty, and many strive to go beautiful. An addition in the figure of diet and wellness articles and advertizements had besides risen along with the figure of eating upsets. Articles on weight loss can be found in about every issue of adult females s magazines, and new # 8220 ; miracle # 8221 ; diet books are invariably being published. Many of these diets are unhealthy, and some are even unsafe. Weight loss advertizements are found in about every type of media, and adult females are invariably obssessed with the subject of weight. Many immature adult female can overlook the watercourse of tenuity and diet propaganda that they encounter, but an increasing figure of adult females are non so lucky. As the media puts more and more accent on tenuity, more adult females go disgruntled with their ain organic structures. Some may reason that the media has nil to make with a adult female s perceptual experience of herself. They believe that adult females want to look at people more beautiful than themselves, and that thin theoretical accounts inspire people to take better attention of their ain organic structures. But researches suggest that exposure to thin theoretical accounts resulted in lower self-pride and reduced weight satisfaction. Surveies prove that the media does straight associate to and impact a adult female s organic structure image and self-pride, which is straight related to eating upsets. There are ways that adult females can get the better of societal force per unit areas about weight and visual aspect. One manner to acknowledge stereotyping in the media and to appreciate and esteem individuals of all sizes. The media frequently portrays corpulent people as amusing or stupid and they are often shown eating big sums of nutrient. Thin people, on the other manus, are portrayed as smart and successful. Admiting stereotyping will assist to esteem people of all sizes, and to accept all sizes as equal. Women besides need to larn to reject negative messages from the media and to accept themselves as they are. When adult females stop mensurating themselves against the about impossible criterions that the media have set, and larn to wish themselves, they will go happy with themselves and will non worry about their weight or visual aspect. One needs to happen comfort in activities, people, or ends instead than nutrient or visual aspect. When a adult female learns how to love an d care for herself right, she will be content with her visual aspect even if she is non what the media would portray as the # 8220 ; ideal # 8221 ; adult female.

What are the genre conventions of the Rocky Horror Picture S essays

What are the genre conventions of the Rocky Horror Picture S essays The Rocky Horror Picture Show is not just one type of genre it is a mixture of four different genres. The genres are; horror, sci-fi, musical and b-movie. This film has a very complex iconography, as it is such an unusual mix of genres. As it is part horror you would expect to see; death, blood, killers and victims. As part of a musical you expect to see people singing and dancing a lot. As part of a sci-fi you expect to see; special effects, strange creatures and aliens. This film dose mostly meets your expectations but what it is really doing is playing with your expectations. Like the sci-fi aspect is the fact that everyone except for Brad, Janet and Dr. Scott are from another planet, the horror aspect is actually a rip off from Dr. Frankenstein with the creation of life (Dr. Frank-N-Furter builds a man) and the musical aspect is that in nearly every scene there is a song being sung. The thematic concerns of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, I feel, is about how people saw homosexuals/transsexuals, in the 1970s when the fear of homosexuals was high, as aliens form another planet, as they do not have the same sexuality preferences. People feared them, as they did not understand them and their choice of living. There is also the notion that transsexuals have no morals and the price you pay for being associated with a transsexual is that they will try to turn you in to a transsexual. The Rocky Horror Picture Show represents, mostly, the sexuality and the exploration of sexuality of the characters. For example Brad starts out being totally straight, so straight he doesnt think about there even being homosexuals let alone associating with them and he is engaged to Janet. But halfway through he has sexual intercourse with Dr. Frankinferter and enjoys it. This was very disturbing for men who saw this film when it was first released and even now days some men still find it disturbing to watch. ...

Habeus Corpus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habeus Corpus - Research Paper Example Due to this reason, the Great Writ, often referred to as the writ of Habeas Corpus, constitute an important means for the protection of prisoners from unlawful governmental action and imprisnoment. (Sharpe, 1976). To ensure that the executive departments of the government are accountable to the judiciary is, by far, the overriding purpose of habeas corpus. The Latin phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, is the phrase from which the term habeas corpus has been derived. The phrase literally means to â€Å"have the body to submit to the authority of the court†. The roots of the writ of habeas corpus can be traced to the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 enacted by the British Parliament. The writ of Habeas Corpus later on became a part of the Constitution of the United States of America. According to Article 1, Section 9, the Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended because it is essential for the protection of personal freedom except in the Cases of Rebellion. (Schultz, 2009). Keeping in vi ew the fact that the US Constitution states about the suspension of writ of habeas corpus in Invasion of Public Safety cases, thus, in context to the war on terror, the prisoners cannot enjoy the privileges of writ of teh habeas corpus. History The writ of habeas corpus originated in the Common Law and initially it was only viewed as a legal procedure through which the federal judiciary evaluated the legality of the authority of the federal government. In simple words, the habeas corpus was a legal proceeding through which the court determined the legitimacy of a prisoner’s detention. In such cases, the legality of the prisoner’s detention is justified by the government official in court by presenting legal documents such as a warrant or a judgment of conviction or documents which prove that the official was ordered to imprison the individual. (Schultz, 2009). The availability of the Great Writ and the nature of the claims that can be considered have been significantly expanded over the past few decades. The Great Writ was extended to include the consideration of whether the state prisoner’s detention violated any rights protected by the US Constitution, was enacted by the US Congress under the title of Habeas Corpus Statute in 1867. Later, the types of the claims which could be asserted against the state officials as constitutional violations grew substantially following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Later, by the 1970s, Habeas Corpus had evolved into a means intended to be utilized for the assertion of provisions of the national constitution in an effort to challenge the legality of the detention of a prisoner. The challenges included are challenges to incarceration following a criminal conviction, detention immediately following an arrest. Moreover, the commitment to a mental institution and challenges to the nature of the detention were also became a part of the habeas corpus in the late 1970s. Most frequently, the habe as corpus is utilized by the state inmates to review their criminal convictions. The inclusion of allegations of constitutional violations occurring during trials paved way for the prisoners to request a comprehensive review of their state court criminal trials. Most importantly, through the writ of habeas corpus, the state inmates received a forum which could be utilized by the court to determine if the prisoners

ENGLISH 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENGLISH 4 - Research Paper Example This keeps off diseases that cause death in humans. Even so, the presence of accidents both in the present and future stands out as the only deterrent to the achievement of this objective. Thus, this research report analyses examples from the article to determine the effectiveness and reliability of the emotional, ethical and logical appeals that the author uses to pass across the intended arguments and persuade the reader. Emotional Appeal In this essay, figurative language has been used to appeal to the reader’s emotions. For example, the word, â€Å"party,† has been used by the author in place of the word, â€Å"life,† as in the phrase â€Å"leave the party† (McCarthy 550). This portrays life as being fun that one cannot afford to lose. It thus becomes easier to have a discussion on immortality appeal to the readers. Therefore, the author uses this figurative language to emotionally gain the support of the reader on the need to increase human life so as to allow for a longer time of fun with life. Furthermore, the author appropriately uses metaphors and comparisons to appeal to the reader’s emotions. For example, talking of the â€Å"path of long life† and the â€Å"highway of immortality† aims at portraying the intended lifespan as being long, just as a path or highway is (McCarthy 544). Moreover, placing the phrases in the same paragraph helps the author make immortality more appealing by comparing it to a highway rather than long life which she compares to a path. The author makes immortality more appealing, even though both long life and immortality entail longer life. The author also uses irony to appeal emotionally to the reader. For example, â€Å"I have accepted my own mortality†¦ [but] I don’t accept the mortality of my loved ones†¦ I don’t want them ever to die† (McCarthy 548). This shows that the author is least concerned about whether she dies, but willing to do all i t takes to ensure that her loved ones do not die. It is ironical for one to wish others well more than self. The author uses this irony to emotionally gain the reader’s trust who will consider her as selfless. It, thus, becomes easier for such an audience to agree with the author’s arguments. Ethical Appeal In this essay, the author establishes ethos through appropriate choice of words. Use of technical terminologies related to the studies of human anatomy gives the article an ethical appeal. Terminologies used in human science such as DNA, chromosome and telomerase have been used by McCarthy (545) in the essay. This enables the author to convince the reader that she has the technical knowledge on human anatomy. The perception of a qualified author in the field of human science makes the reader qualify her as a reliable authority to discuss human immortality. Logical Appeal Examples used in the essay have been appropriately chosen so as to establish logos. The author h as borrowed examples from credible sources so as to logically appeal to the readers. The use of titles and describing the cited sources aims at establishing a logical appeal in the essay. For instance, McCarthy (545) cites the argument by Dr. Francis Collins, a director at the National Human Genome Research Institute at the NIH, that within the next 30 years, the genes responsible for aging in humans would have been known. She further cites Dr. Huber Warner, a director at the aging program biology based at the National Institute of Aging, NIA, as being optimistic about humans living longer through

Inks lake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inks lake - Research Paper Example Devils washtub is located in Inks Lake National park. This is a state park found in United states of America, Burnet County, Texas. The landscape of the park is hilly with many cedar, live oak, cacti and Yuccas. The ground of the park is rocky, mainly consisting of Gneiss rock. The park has a natural forest known as Ghost Forest. The Devils washtub / waterhole is a small extension of the Inks Lake National Park, which is almost completely surrounded by rocks. Tourists visiting the area conduct canoe tour within the Devils Waterhole. Diving and swimming is also done but without a lifeguard, at personal risk. The park also acts as a habitant for wildlife such as quail, deer, vultures and other many varieties of birds.The rocks within the Devils washtub are dated 1,232 million years old. The field trip was carried out to investigate the to investigate the geology of the area. The main type of rocks found within the area was Gneiss, quartzite, granite and amphibole/amphibolite.The most Common rock within the Devilstub - Gneiss is a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite. It is a course grained metamorphic rock formed sedimentary rocks through regional metamorphism. The field research showed that these rocks contained a wide range of minerals, such as feldspars, quartz, mica minerals, aluminous and ferromagnesian silicates. The gneiss rocks were also found to contain some amounts of iron, nickel , silicon and cobalt. The granite rock among feld spar, quartz and mica also contained diamond and chalk.Some parts within the Devils water-mouth also contained the amphibolite rock. These kind of rock were found to contain some amounts of feldspar with little amounts of quartz. The trip study also showed that these rocks had severally undergone metamorphism,a change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure, heat or introduction of new chemical substances. For instance, the high temperature conditions,and pressure beneath

Subcultural Theories of Youth Culture

Subcultural Theories of Youth Culture Subcultural theories of youth culture owe much to the pioneering work of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) during the 1970s and early 1980s. The CCCS make use of the term subculture from US sociologists at Chicago University, and applied it to visually distinctive post-World War II British working class youth cultures, such as teddy boys, mods, and skinheads. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the functionalist perspective, the Marxist perspective and the post-modernist perspective. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. Each perspective uniquely conceptualises society, social forces, and human behaviour. FUNCTIONALISM Functionalism is the oldest, and still the dominant, theoretical perspective in sociology and many other social sciences. According to the functionalist perspective each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. Functionalists see society as having a structure, with key institutions performing vital functions, and roles directing people in how to behave. They identify the functions of each part of the structure. For example, the state, or the government, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. This means that the family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If the process succeeds the parts of society produce order, stability and productivity. On the other hand, if th e process does not go well, the parts of society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability, and productivity. For example, as we are presently experiencing, during a financial recession with its high rates of unemployment and inflation, profit and salary reduction, social programs are trimmed or cut. Families tighten their budgets while employers offer fewer business programs, and a new social order, stability and productivity occur. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which society members agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms: Mechanical Solidarity: This is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and engage in similar types of work. Mechanical solidarity most commonly occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds cattle or farms. Amish society exemplifies mechanical solidarity. Organic Solidarity: This is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society are interdependent, but hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work. Organic solidarity most commonly occurs in industrialised, complex societies such as those in large American cities like New York in the 2000s. Leading functionalists include Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons. Robert Merton (1910), who was a functionalist as well, developed his theory of deviance which is derived from Durkheims idea of anomie. It is central in explaining how internal changes can occur in a system. For Merton, anomie means a discontinuity between cultural goals and that accepted methods available for reaching them. Merton (1968) has proposed a number of important distinctions to avoid potential weaknesses and clarify ambiguities in the basic functionalist perspective. First, he distinguishes between manifest and latent functions. Manifest functions are recognised, intentional and obvious, while latent functions are unrecognised, unintentional, and thus not obvious. Merton used the example of the Hopi rain dance to show that sometimes an individuals understanding of their motive for an action may not fully explain why that action continues to be performed. Sometimes actions fulfil a function of which the acto r is unaware, and this is the latent function of an action. Second, he distinguishes between consequences which are positively functional for a society, those which are dysfunctional for the society, and those which neither. Third, he also distinguishes between levels of society, that is, the specific social units for which regularised patterns of behaviour are functional or dysfunctional. Finally, he maintains that the particular social structures which satisfy functional needs of society are not indispensable, but that structural alternatives may exist which can also satisfy the same functional needs. Merton expanded on the idea that anomie is the alienation of the self from society due to conflicting norms and interests by describing five different types of actions that occur when personal goals and legitimate means come into conflict with each other. Conformity is the typical successful hardworking person who both accepts the goals of the society and has the means for obtaining those goals. This is an example of non-anomie. Innovation refers to the pursuit of culturally approved goals by disapproved, including illegal means, in other words, they must use innovation in order to achieve cultural goals. (Example: Drug dealer who sells drugs to support a family.) Ritualism refers to excessively rigid conformity to approved goals and means, even to the neglect of the actual results; inefficient bureaucrats who adhere rigidly to the rules are the classic example of ritualism. The person who ignores and rejects the means and the goals of the society is said to be retreating from society. (For example a drug addict who has stopped caring about the social goals and chooses a drug induced reality in favour of the socially accepted lifestyle.) Finally, there is a fifth type of adaptation which is that of rebellion which refers to the rejection of approved goals and means in favor of new ones. Functionalism has received criticism as it has a conservative bias. Critics claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of societys members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. MARXIST NEW-SUBCULTURAL THEORY Marx argues that societies result from humans getting together to produce food. The forces of production shape social relationships. In Marxist theory, class is the most important social group in the capitalist society and the mayor social configurations are class cultures. The classes are organised depending on the mode of production that determine a concrete set of relations of production: the capitalists (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat). These classes are all the time in conflict and negotiation because one of them is dominant and the other is subordinate. This conflict perspective originated primarily out of Karl Marxs writings on class struggles and it presents society in a different light than do the functionalist perspective. While the latter perspective focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. As we can see, most societies are based upon exploitation of some groups by others. Those who own the means of production, such as factories, land, raw material or capital, exploit those who work for them, who lack the means to produce things themselves. Thus, capitalists accumulate profits and get ri cher and richer. Eventually workers will come to realise that they are being exoploited and will overthrow capitalism and create a communist society. In communism the means of production will be communally owened, so there will be no ruling class, no exploitation and much less inequality than in capitalism. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which potential for inequality exists, such as, racial, gender, religious, political, economic and so on. These theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its extremely negative view of society. The theorys ultimately central problems are: it has difficulty explaining the more orderly and stable elements of social life, it neglects or downplays the cultural and symbolic aspects of social life because it emphasises on economics and class, conflict theorists tend to assume the power differences lead to conflict but differences do not necessarily provoke conflict. POST MODERNISM Post modernist perspectives have developed since the 1980s. Some versions see important changes taking place in society, while other versions question the ability of conventional sociology to produce worthwhile theories of society. Some postmodernists argue that social behaviour is no longer shaped by factors such as class, gender, ethnicity and different types of socialisation. It is now simply a question of lifestyle choice. Finally, Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism, perspectives developed on the French intellectual scene, have had considerable influence on American sociologists in recent years (as well as on scholars in many other fields, especially literary studies). Derived from (but largely rejecting) both the Marxist tradition and the works of anthropologist Claude LÃ ©vi-Strausswho developed a structuralist theory of culturethese theoretical schools seek to account for the apparent disintegration of modern culture over the past several decades. Among the traditions major figures, such as Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard, perhaps the best known is Michel Foucault, a historian and philosopher. Tracing the historical changes in societal attitudes toward punishment, mental illness, and sexuality, among other topics, he argued that knowledge and power have become inextricably entwined. Foucault stressed the disciplinary nature of power, and argued that (social) scientific discourse as one such discipline may itself need to be questioned. Sociologists in this tradition seek not only to study the world differently, but to make the production of sociological knowledge, and thus our own situatedness within structures of knowledge and power, part of the study. American sociologists influenced by this tradition sometimes call their work Discourse Analysis or Cultural Studies.

The Pardoners Tale Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Pardoner's Tale The world is full of hypocrites and in the story â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale†, Chaucer writes about a man who is living a life of sin. The Pardoner’s tale is an epologia of a pardoner who has the power from the church to forgive others for their sins but makes a living out of lying and tricking his audience. Throughout the Pardoner’s Tale he preaches about greed, drinking, blasphemy, and gambling but in the Pardoner’s Prologue he admits to committing these sins himself. The pardoner is really just a 14th century con artist who makes a living by his own hypocrisy. In the Pardoner’s Tale the pardoner condemns people who drink and says, â€Å"Witness the Bible, which is most express/That lust is bred of wine and drunkenness† (263). He denounces drinkers and the evils they create, but in his prologue he states, â€Å"No, let me drink the liquor of the grape†¦Now as I’ve drunk a draught of corn-ripe ale† (262). The pardoner admits to drinking but later preaches against it, his hypocrisy knows no bounds as he makes others feel guilty for something that he himself does, after all, isn’t he telling the story while inside a bar. As a church appointed pardoner he is responsible to set a certain example for those who look to him for guidance but still he lives his greed controlled life. The pardoner teaches about gluttony and greed, and the evils that befall it, but in his prologue he contradicts his teachings many times. In his story he tells about three men who go searc...

Neutrality Helps the Oppressor, Never the Victim

The acceptance speech of Elie Wiesel was a description of his personality as human being who went through the pain and still remembering the tormented past of his own and his people. The people that killed without justice suffer without sin and burning their bodies and their future. The speech made Elie speak the truth of what is happening in the past and that is also happening now in different countries. He is speaking in behalf of the victims who died without words received the suffering without asking why. Experience torment from the tormentor who gains more power in killings the innocent. This research aims to explore Elie Wiesel being an activism that speak for the victims and spread words of the past memory to awaken the Jewish who are the first victims of the oppressor. The writers to continue being a spoke person of the tormented who remain in silence that call help for justice. The leaders who were continuously use their power at the expense of torturing other people just to gain more power. To the ordinary people who remain silent even in their injustice moment to be vigilant and speak the truth that contribute your future. According to Encarta English Dictionary [North American Edition] (2006), â€Å"Activism is a vigorous and sometimes aggressive action in pursuing a political or social end.† However, Elie Wiesel defines it in many ways in not doing harsh action but done it in a soft spoken and written way that succeeded him in delivering to the people. Elie has reason in doing this type of activism which is express in the next paragraph. Human Rights Activist As journalist Elie believed that activism can play more by spreading the words of the victims. His experienced being a victim and a witness to terror done by the Nazi to his people made him a journalist activist that writes the words that the buried victims want justice for killing them. He is a human rights activist that hears and writes the wounded emotion of the victims of the past that shape his future now as a journalist. He make himself a â€Å"messenger† of the dead to speak justice for them so that their tortured moment will no be forgotten by the people and the country who done tormented acts to innocent people. In his Novel Acceptance Speech delivered in Oslo (December 1986), indicated that â€Å"Human rights are being violated on every continent. More people are oppressed than free. How can one not be sensitive to their plight? Human suffering anywhere concerns men and women everywhere.† This words of Elie show that he is an activist of human rights that helps the armless victims to have justice and stop continues terrorizing human being across the country that right now suffering pain from terror leaders. As a journalist there so many things to be done Elie added on his speech that refugees’ misery and children’s fear must be stop with the millions of lives of Jewish and Palestinian people that have shed too much blood. I need your support and cooperate and remove hatred and danger to gain peace in the holy land. Elie agree that Violence is not the answer. Terrorism is the most dangerous of answers. (Wiesel, Elie 1986) Peace Activist Instead of using guns and fight for the rights of the injustice he created foundation for humanity that supported various humanitarian projects.   He also organized International conferences on the theme Anatomy of Hate that intend to light up this human weakness of supremacy. (Temple Education Website) Elie being a peace advocator he addressed true men rights issues to others countries who also experiencing injustices like South Africa, Bosnia, Burma, Tibet to Central America, Cambodia and Vietnam. Listening to the cry of the oppressed and counseling the emotion of the victims to move on and speak for the truth. His experienced being a witness to the history of bloodshed that he saw directly from his eyes the innocent Jewish children burning alive without any words of asking why. Those made him a strong witness that will spread the pain of the past through writing calling the awareness of the people and not through the act of violence. Believing that hope and peace will come if there would be awareness and cooperation to stop this terrorizing act. Political Activist Elie is a political Activist by using his influence to speak with the leaders and challenge Reagan when this leader wanted to go to Germany and honor the NAZI SS officers who are buried in the Bitburge. He challenges Reagan not to go to Bitburge for it will mean siding to the oppressor who tormented Jewish. (Temple Education Website) It was learned that Nazi kills the large Jewish population of Hungry. Where Jewish were undressed of all their rights force into a Ghetto, and then deported to Poland. Where the father of Elie and other Jewish people have died in starvation and tortured. Bankier, David 2005). All those moment of suffering was witness by Elie Wiesel it hurt him so much that asked why those incidents happened. It was supported by Isador Stone author of New York Star and Daily Compass (1944), that â€Å"the essence of tragedy is not the doing of evil by evil men but the doing of evil by good men, out of limitation, hesitancy, laziness, inability to act in accordance with what they know to be right. The terrible element in the fate of the Jews of Europe lies in the failure of their friends in the West to shake loose from expected war and bureaucratic habit, to risk inexactly and confront prejudice, to be whole-hearted, to care as deeply and fight as hard for the big words we use, for justice and for humanity, as the revolutionary Nazi does for his master race or the militant Jap for his Emperor.† For the bad experienced of Elie Wiesel he calls Reagan to be sympathetic with the survivor victims of NAZI who does not deserve to be honored in response to the millions of live kills without justice. The horrible experiences of the victims done by Nazi give an incomparable trauma to the survivor that needs more attention now to help them face the future without hatred. Elie believed being an Activist is calling for the Jewish, the writer and the universe to Continue listening and writing for the betterment of the future that is full of hope Jewish Elie asking cooperation from speech (1986) to the Jewish people to continue speak up and cooperate by removing the hatred and violence to see the hope in the future. By removing the burdens in their hearts they can easily move and see the bright future which lies ahead. Make the past as the tool to be more mature and responsible citizens. Writers Isador Stone (1944) assert that â€Å"Anything newspapermen can write about this in their own papers will help. It will help to save lives, the lives of people like ourselves.† This are the words that Elie Wiesel wanted to hear from the people especially in the media people to be vigilant of the issues that suppress the rights of people. While it is true that media play great responsibility to spread and highlights the issues on the awareness of the injustice victims that cry in the dark without due process of law. The writers as what Elie done to be a messenger that brought their voice to the people and authority that injustices happened anywhere and it can happen to anyone if we allow this. Leaders Stop ignoring to the cry of the unjust and use abusive power in oppressing the poor just to gain more power and give benefits to minority while majority are suffering and starving socially, politically and economically. It was emphasize by Elie Wiesel in his speech that â€Å"There is so much injustice and suffering crying out for our attention: victims of hunger, of racism and political persecution – in Chile, for instance, or in Ethiopia – writers and poets, prisoners in so many lands governed by the Left and by the Right.† This suffering must end by continue speaking out for the truth and eliminate fear for the right justice to be prevail. Ordinary People To ordinary people who are still in their comfort zone don’t wait for the injustice come into your life but instead start to help and speak for others who can not speak. For according to Elie Wiesel during the Hiroshima Conference (1995) that in spite of the despair, hope must exist. In spite of suffering, humanity must prevail. And in spite of all the differences in the world, the worst enemy, the worst peril, is indifference.†   As an ordinary people we must not lost hope and continue to struggle for our future generation. Our voice contributes so much in shaping the lives of our children. Conclusion The sad experiences of Elie Wiesel contribute of what he is now. Being an activist that does not act violently made him well-known by prominent leaders and president. For he believed that an activist can succeed without using guns instead use writing as a tool in expressing the rights of the victims. Hearing the cry of the oppressed and encouraging them to speak is more effective than being violence. Elie speak for his tormented past to all the people asking sympathy to diminish terror that happening in different countries. He added, in calling the attention of different people to be aware of their rights not to be a victim again by the tyrant who take advantage of their ignorance. Finally, he asserts that activism can done peacefully through communication by words or written to the concern authority to have a better place for our future generations. References â€Å"A Political Reading†. Elie Wiesel History. Access 5 February 2007, from . â€Å"Activism†.   Encarta English Dictionary [North American Edition] (2006). 5 February 2007, from   . Bankier, David. â€Å"Holocaust.† Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Stone, Isador F. â€Å"For the Jews—Life or Death?† The Nation, June 10, 1944. Retrieved 5, February 2007, from Microsoft   Encarta   2006. Wiesel, Elie. Novel Acceptance Speech delivered in Oslo (December 1986). 5 February 2007, from . Wiesel, Elie. Hiroshima Conference. Retrieved 5 February 2007, from .      

Free Essays on General Pychology

action and tone is how a parent raises a child.. Self image determines wht we feel in life. Princliples of raising a child psy. Well. Don ¡Ã‚ ¦t call child abusive names. Haim says that when a parent curses it ¡Ã‚ ¦s a distruction express of anger..(pe... Free Essays on General Pychology Free Essays on General Pychology Developmental psch.- ongoing process which occurs overtime moderly..sequences which hepl living things to cope w/their envir. 1.physical, 2.intell 3. Emotional 4. Social Emotional dev. Freud Oral (birth-2) anal (2-4) phalic (4-6) latency (6-12) Genital (12 + ) 1. ID- pleasure drive Limitations r- self centered,..knowing nothing about reality Ego is formed by 1 or 2 (personality strcter) from ID Libido-sexual energy. Almost all Labidos are in infant Ids. Sometines during the 1st yr. Labido is taken from ID to form egos. The ego will not let the ID get its way..until ego test out reality. An ego controls ID, and gets infants to touch reality Engenious zones  ¡V pleasure center of the first 2 yrs are in the mouth and oral activitys..most labidos r in sucking..the labidos travel thru mouth to anus 2. Anal period- toinlet training..child wants to go in the pants cause it feels so good ¡K It then leaves from anus to penis or clitoris.. 3. Phalic- to touch themselves. (oedipus complex..boys want to do their mom and kill dad) (electra complex girls want to do dad and kill dad) Ego defense- they want to do theses things but their too scared too. Identification- child wants to be like parent of same sex. Superego- concous..moral/values ¡Kthe child understands the values and morals of their parents.. Freud says that the child doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t do bad cause they will feel guilty. 4. Latency- no eroginal zones (no pleasure center) 1. school and 2. Friends 5. Genital period- major pleasure center ¡Ksexual intercourse.. Develpoment pych. A. freud (emotional)  ¡K. B. dr. Haim Ginnott (raising emotionally healthy children. He wrote  ¡Ã‚ §how to raise a child ¡Ã‚ ¨  ¡K ¡Ã‚ §love vat ¡Ã‚ ¨ the words action and tone is how a parent raises a child.. Self image determines wht we feel in life. Princliples of raising a child psy. Well. Don ¡Ã‚ ¦t call child abusive names. Haim says that when a parent curses it ¡Ã‚ ¦s a distruction express of anger..(pe...

Definition and Examples of an Anecdote

Definition and Examples of an Anecdote An anecdote is a brief narrative, a short account of an interesting or amusing incident usually intended to illustrate or support some point in an essay, article, or chapter of a book. Compare this to other literary terms, such as parable- where the whole story is a metaphor- and   vignette  (a brief descriptive story or account).  The terms adjective form is  anecdotal.   In  The Healing Heart: Antidotes to Panic and Helplessness, Norman Cousins wrote, The writer makes his living by  anecdotes. He searches them out and carves them as the raw materials of his profession. No hunter stalking his prey is more alert to the presence of his quarry than a writer looking for small incidents that cast a strong light on human behavior. Examples Consider the use of an anecdote to illustrate something like the literary version of a picture is worth a thousand words. For example, use anecdotes to show a persons character or state of mind: Albert Einstein:  There was something elusively whimsical about Einstein. It is illustrated by my favorite  anecdote  about him. In his first year in Princeton, on Christmas Eve, so the story goes, some children sang carols outside his house. Having finished, they knocked on his door and explained they were collecting money to buy Christmas presents. Einstein listened, then said, Wait a moment. He put on his scarf and overcoat and took his violin from its case. Then, joining the children as they went from door to door, he accompanied their singing of Silent Night on his violin.(Banesh Hoffman, My Friend, Albert Einstein.  Readers Digest, January 1968)Ralph Waldo Emerson:  In [Ralph Waldo] Emersons later years his memory began increasingly to fail. He used to refer to it as his naughty memory when it let him down. He would forget the names of things, and have to refer to them in a   circumlocutory  way, saying, for instance, the implement that cultivates the soil for plo w.(Reported in Clifton Fadiman, ed., The Little, Brown Book of Anecdotes, 1985) Brainstorm to Choose the Right Anecdote First, consider what you want to illustrate. Why do you want to use an anecdote in the story? Knowing this should help brainstorm the story to choose. Then make a list of random ideas. Just free-flow the thoughts onto the page. Examine your list. Will any be easy to present in clear and concise enough manner? Then sketch out the basics of the possible anecdote. Will it do the job? Will it bring extra layers of evidence or meaning to the point youre trying to convey? If so, develop it further. Set the scene and describe what happened. Dont get too long-winded with it, because youre just using this as an illustration to your larger idea. Transition to your main point, and hearken back to the anecdote where needed for emphasis. Anecdotal Evidence The expression  anecdotal evidence  refers to the use of particular instances or concrete  examples  to support a general  claim. Such information (sometimes referred to pejoratively as hearsay) may be compelling but does not, in itself, provide  proof. A person may have anecdotal evidence that going out in the cold with wet hair makes him or her sick, but correlation is not the same as causation.

What is the biggest problem facing the United States today Essay - 1

What is the biggest problem facing the United States today - Essay Example these changes to the growing economic problems and lack of adequate education in the country; however, these problems are also existent among the elite population which is suggestive of the fact that family trends are drastically changing within the entire population irrespective of their social or educational status. Along with the United States several countries have been experiencing changes in family structure and values, but every other country has introduced family structure policies and laws to help uphold the two-family system. In the case of the US, these changes which could have threatening consequences on the development of children and the future society, are now gaining acceptance among the general public. Issues such as single-parenthood, same-sex marriages and transgender issues are gaining a lot of prominence especially with the rise in government support and policy measures implemented to safeguard the rights of these people. People who are against the changing family structure are blaming the economic situation and the inaccessibility to basic education by the poorer and lower middle-class. However, though these changes are more widely prevalent among these people, changing family trends are also being observed among the wealthy and elite population. Political theorists such as Baron de Montesquieu have always propagated the importance of marriage and also stressing that the father is naturally obliged to take care of his children instead of forcing the responsibility on the mother. He further stressed on the need to uphold laws that favor wedlock which would in turn result in a healthy society. In the modern American society, women who are divorced or are single-parents of children born out of wedlock are now forced to take up employment in order to meet the responsibility of bringing up their kids. Both scientific research and societal facts have always claimed that children growing up in two-parent household have a relatively normal growth

The importance of the marketing portfolio Essay

The importance of the marketing portfolio - Essay Example The importance of the marketing department's liaising with every other department could be gauged by its hold over the market and its need to keep its ears to the ground for every single bit of information that may make or mar the fortunes of the company's future business. The marketing portfolio therefore must represent every other activity in the company, apart from its own. It must have good hold over the total management information system so that the two-way communication system of information moving from top to bottom and from the bottom level to top level in the management hierarchy is clear, unambiguous and undiluted. The marketing operational activity is primarily customer-oriented. It is not possible to stereotype customers or the market. Although the predominance of marketing over other departments does exist, it cannot abdicate its own distinct identity and responsibility and it must stay focused on its role as the frontrunner to secure maximum business from the total market pie. No other department has such colossal and strategic responsibility. If the marketing management is unable to focus on maintaining and improving upon its market share, those responsible are quickly replaced. We, that is, two colleagues and I, have been selected by Crown Manufacturing Company Limited, (CMCL), manufacturers and marketers of white goods, viz. refrigerators, washing machines, and wardrobes. The total number of temporary recruits is hundred broken up in teams of twos and threes to concentrate of several routes. Our job is to assist the existing sales force for the company's sales scheme of their products during the summer holidays. Our weekly remuneration is US$250 plus two percent commission on the basic price of every five pieces sold. The company has come up with a discount and replacement scheme and is confident of generating a very good sale. The customer is being offered brand new models with benefits of up to fifty percent discount on the basic price of any product in exchange for an old one in working condition. The scheme is being advertised on a grand scale through the electronic and print media. Retailers have been enthused with decorative window displays to herald the scheme. The company has fixed a target which is five times the number of goods sold in an average month. The Existing Sales Force The company has a staff of fifty sales executives under five sales managers each responsible for one product except for water filter and television for which there is one sales manager. The sales scheme is aimed at refrigerators, washing machines and wardrobes only. The temporary recruits of hundred sales assistants have been assigned to different sales executives. Their job is to receive customers, effect sale, and complete the data entry which basically covers information such as the customer's name, age, address, designation, choice of product model, and date or year of purchase of the old model, if available. The company's showroom is large enough to accommodate staff of hundred personnel in the mezzanine floor. It can accommodate another hundred in the building's first floor. Both the mezzanine and the first floors have enough space to receive hundred customers each at a time. Besides, five sales executives have been given the responsibility of attending to online enquiries and also receive orders with payments online. Each

The Reasons to Avoid Drinking Soda Research Paper

The Reasons to Avoid Drinking Soda - Research Paper Example Yet over the years, several organizations have started protesting against the sale of soft drinks in schools. For example, the Center of Food and Justice published a report in 2002 which called on the Los Angeles Unified School District board to ban soda as a consequence of increasing obesity and Type II diabetes among children. On the other hand, a Huffington Post article (Bennett) called for its readers to protest an alliance between Coca-Cola and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) to help educate consumers how they can fit soda into a healthy lifestyle. For many doctors, this is a distasteful move because soda does not contain any kind of essential nutrients and does not help the body in any way. Yet, despite these allegations, people still persist in drinking soda because they are unaware of its health implications. Through a review of previous literature, the researcher hopes to show that soda is not only devoid of nutrients but it can also cause several diseases. Soda: Its Advantages One of the fastest ways to satisfy thirst is by drinking soda. It provides relief from the heat and in many cases provides the energy that one will need to get through the day. With the introduction of diet soda, people who are watching their weight can now get a sweet treat minus the calories. Aside from these advantages, however, there is very little of value in soda. To better understand this claim, a quick look in the ingredient list will reveal a lot of information. Eight of the most common ingredients used in soda include the following: carbonated water, food color, food flavoring, phosphoric acid, calcium saccharin, potassium benzoate, caffeine, and aspartame. Carbonated water gives the soda its fizz and tangy taste. It is used in many alcoholic beverages to increase the uptake of alcohol in the blood. As its name implies, this is plain water mixed with carbon dioxide. Carbonated water can occur in nature (also referred to as sparkling water) and in this form, can actually have health benefits. Unfortunately, the carbonated water used in soda has undergone an artificial process and it lacks the nutrients that sparkling water has. In an article posted at LiveStrong.com (Jannen), it says that the danger with carbonated water is that most people have the tendency to drink too much. Also, most health issues concerning carbonated water are related to bone density. In a 2001 study (Heaney) involving children and adults, it was found that intake of carbonated beverages, especially colas, is associated with higher risks for fracture due to increased excretion of calcium through urine. In the same paper (Heaney 346), it was also found that reduced bone mass is also due to increased intake of phosphoric acid. This finding is corroborated by another study done by Tucker, et.al. wherein the subject of research are men and women aged 30 to 87 years old. Just like in the 2001 research, Trucker, et.al found that increased intake of carbonated beve rages (particularly the caffeinated ones) caused as much as 3 to 5% decrease in bone mass density in both men and women (Tucker 937). Phosphoric acid, which is also found in soda, interferes with carbon absorption and is considered as a risk factor for osteoporosis. Moreover, the researchers discovered the same effects on both regular and diet cola varieties. Food coloring and food flavoring are purely synthetic materials and are processed with ammonium compounds which are my cause gastrointestinal problems.

Adolf Loos Design Culture Essay Example for Free

Adolf Loos Design Culture Essay There are, or were, better arguments than Loos’s against the misuse of ornament. It could be considered morally dubious, because it is a means of showing off ones wealth. That historical argument was made in the days when hand-crafted decorations were very expensive, but it no longer applicable, now that ornament can be machine-made at a modest cost. In any case, good ornamentation has never been valued solely as ostentation; traditionally, it has also been seen to have real aesthetic merit. Sometimes, excessive ornamentation could be said to be unaesthetic; and in my perspective, some extreme art creations fall into this error. Art plays a particularly important and influential role in culture. It does not simply reflect culture; it creates culture. By studying ornamentation in different periods of design history, we can understand more about how it has manifested itself and why it is a vital part of our history. Window displays, if used effectively, can bring retailers new customers, create customer loyalty, and enhance the image of the business. By decorating and furnishing the display windows, retailers can attract more customers into their stores, increase the sales and revenue, because the majority of purchase decisions are made on impulse. Window displays continue to have a massive influence even until now. It is one of the most important tools to draw customers’ attention. Even from an economic perspective, ornamentation is not necessarily a waste of labour, money, and materials. The 19th century definitely is the century of decorative arts. At the beginning of the century, the arts were ornamental subjects in the education of young ladies and gentlemen. Artistic accomplishments were displayed in pleasing social performances that appeared effortless but demonstrated good taste and ideal values, knowledge, and skills. Art education was one component of a process of secular refinement that spread from the wealthy to the middling sort and included the beautification of houses, churches, as well as school buildings. The art of interior decoration and design was at the same time intimate and luxuriant. Loos argues that ornamentation is uncivilized and primitive, and would hinder the development of national culture. However, ornamentation meant more than just decoration at that time, and the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Western architecture, as architects and critics searched for appropriate styles. â€Å"A plain, functional form generally signified the often harsh necessities of work, and as such was tolerated in its place, but art, in the form of decoration and ornament, represented for many people a deep aspiration for a better life† (Heskett, 56). Ornamentation at that time brought not only the sense of beauty but also mentally content to its user. What do vehicles, vacuum cleaners, ironers, planes, and ships have in common? Obviously, the streamlined design. In the 20th century, streamlined design has evolved from a scientific to an ornamental purpose. While Loos argues that ornamentation is crime and designers should focus on functions, streamlined design actually improves the functionality and the durability of a product. The goal for the future is to improve aerodynamic efficiency by greatly reducing drag while maintaining and, wherever possible, increasing down-force† (Ferrari. com). As a result of using aerodynamic streamlined design, Ferrari has become one of the best hyper-sport car brands in the world for fifty years, best known for its speed and handling. â€Å"In fact, Fordism turned the factory into a kind of super-machine in its own right, with both human and mechanical parts† (Wollen, P66). Fordism is the economic period that turned craftsmanship into the mass production of standardized objects. Under Fordism, production entailed an intensified division of industrial labor; increased mechanization and the coordination of large-scale manufacturing processes to achieve a steady flow of production, and shifted toward the using of less skilled labour. This system effectively reduces the costs of producing large quantities of products and, consequently, makes the sale price significantly lower than the craftsman’s. An ornament is not considered to be a prior-determined mask anymore, to create a significance, or, to have a certain meaning, as it was during the postmodern period. It does not have the role of concealing things, as it did in different historical periods before the modern period, when its existence was futile. A good example of modern design is a wall clock. A clock is meant to draw our attentions through its function. With a fancy design, it also serves as a decoration in the environment. But no matter how fancy the design is, a clock is always meant to be seen easily and quickly. Practical and ornamental designs oftentimes intersect. In those cases, the design elements involved can either work well together or hinder each other. Loos’s argument about decoration is degenerate and inherently criminal does not stand up. Given the time in he is writing, we can forgive Loss his racist assumptions about the black and the Papuans. However, his assertion that primitive people decorate themselves in tattoos so, therefore decoration must be a degenerate practice is completely unfounded and holds no weight at all. I appreciate modern design just as much, if not more than the ordinary person, but truth be told, I am not really interested in decoration.